Quantifiers

Quantifiers show how many things or how much of somehting we are talking about. 


some quatifiers combine with countable nouns; some with uncountable and some with both kinds. 


Examples: 


1- The majority of people in El Salvador are afraid about violence. 

2- A bit of bread is useful when you are hungry at night. 

3- There are enough students in that school. 




4- Lucy has read each book that she has in her casebook. 

Pronouns.

We use pronouns in place of nouns. They may be subject (she) or object (her).
We already studied thta topic, but there are many things that we don`t know yet.

Examples: 


Personals: 


She bought a new car yesterday.


We were making the dinner the last month. 


Objective: 


Carmen helped me with my homework the last night.


My boyfriend invited us to a party. 


Possessive: 


That wallet which is on the bed is mine.


The cellphone that has my brother is yours. 


Reflexive: 


Sindy has finished to wash the dishes by herself. 


The soccer player scored goals by themselves. 




Besides. we have indefinite pronouns: 

they have an important characteristic, they are always 3rd person singular.


Examples: 

• Can somebody help me?

• No body helped the elder that fell down in the subway. 

In addition we have demonstrative pronouns. They can be use subject and object. 

Examples: 

These roses belong to my mother. 

I would like to buy that blue jacket which is in that boutique. 

Relative pronouns. 

Examples: 

• The man who is on that corner is my father. 
• The dog which bite my daughter is yours. 

Articles.

a) The indefinite articles. A/an 


both of the indefinite articles have the same meaning, the diference is that, we use "a" in front of consonant, on the other hand we use "an" in front of vowel, also both of them are general. 


Examples with "a" .


-My father gave to my mother a flower. 

-Lucy is drinking a bottle of water. 

examples with "an" 


My cousin bought an umbrella yesterday.

She has an ugly animal which bought the last Friday. 

THE PLURAL OF "A" IS ZERO! 




b) The definite article. 


When we want to refer an specific thing or something that is known, we must use "the".
Also, we sue "the" when thing are unique, its doesn`t matter if it is plural or singular. 


Examples. 


The children whose are in my school are smart.

The boyfriend of my sister is handsome and attractive.

The Suchitlan lake is one of the most beautiful places in Suchitoto. 

The National University of El Salvador has students whose are poor, but intelligent. 

The genitive case [s'] of.

We use apostrophe to so show possessions.


Exaample:

• That`s Lucy`s car 

Its means that the car belongs to Lucy.

• My father`s garden is really beautiful and the weather is cold.

The basic rule that you need to know is: Add 's to any personal noun unless it is in the form of a plural ending in -s- in which case, just add an apostrophe (`) .


Examples:

• My teacher`s book is very interesting. 
• Beatris`s watch is very nice. 
• Lucy`s ring is new. 

Plural endings. 

• The girls`uniforms are the most fascinating of the town. 
• The wives`kitchens are very clean. 
• The elephan`s legs are very fat. 

The nouns.

 A noun is a word used to name someone or something. 

There are differents types of nouns. 

1- Proper: the proper noun represents the specific name of person, place or things.

Examples: 

a) The United State is one of the most important country around the world. 

b) Sindy and Carmen enjoy to have a party all friday. 

   

2- Concrete: is a noun which names anyhing (or anyone) thta you can  perceive through your physical  senses. 

Examples: 

a) The computer that is on the corner is my brother`s.

b) That books which are on the table contain the story of  El Salvador. 

3- Abstract: is sothing that you can see, but you can´t touch, its means spirituals. 

Examples: 

a)  The friendship between that two girls is very interesting. 

b) My parents love my brother a lot. 

4- Collective: is a noun naming group of thing or people.

a) The army of El Salvador isalways ready for defending people.

b) The school in the place where students get knoledge for being good professional in the future. 

5-Compound: two words that mean one thing.

a) The flight attendant use to take trip for 3 days.

b) The police officer arrested thta thief who was stealing the wallet to that boy. 

6- Common: The general name that give to the things. 

a) Every sunday people use to go the church.

b) My daughter lost my new pencil yesterday.

7- Countable: you can count. 

a) The elephant which is in the zoo is very fat. 

b) The donkey is a funny animal.

8- Uncountable: you can`t touch. 

a) The old house use to have too much dust. 

b) The sand is useful for building castle around the sea. 

One thing which is important to know is that when we add suffix to a noun for making others, it is not a compound noun, it is deriver noun. 

we can use diffferent suffixes to make nouns. 

for example: 

Examples: 

Child-childhood.

Friend-friendship.

Column-columnist. 

As you can notice,  when we make derived nouns the words that is used has meaning by itself. 

If you have any doubt you can check the following video...

Now, if you are ready,  try to put in practice your knowledge with the following exercises, go to this link. 

http://www.wisc-online.com/objects/ViewObject.aspx?ID=ABC802

Subject/ Verb agreement.

Subject-verb agreement.

Being able to find the right subject and verb conrrectly will also help you with commas and semicolons, on that way is important to have knowledge toward subject-verb agreement. 

There are many rules, but we are going to study some of them. 

1- Two singular subjects connected by or or nor require a singular verb. 

Examples: 

• My nephew or my mother is going to help me with my asingment .

• My teacher nor my classmate knows the answer of my question. 

2- Two singular subjects connected by either/or or neither/nor  require a singular verb. 

• Neither my friend nor my boyfriend is going to help you. 

• Either Karly or Sebastian is the right person for the job.

3- When a singular subject is connected by or or nor to a plural subject, put the plural subject last and use a plural verb.

Examples: 

• The cellphone or the computers go on that table. 

• The internet or the books are going to help you with your homework. 

4- As a general rule use a plural verb with two or more subjects, when they are connected by "and".

Examples: 

• Carmen and Morena are washing their father`s car. 

• Flor and Lucy are fighting for Midey, because both of them want to be with her. 

Sentence type

Sentence type.

Well, in this topic we are going to learn about sentences type, but first of all we need to know, What a sentence is.


Sentence: A sentence is a group of word that have sense but itself.


A sentence shoul have:

• Subject.
• Verbal form.
• Object.
• Adverbials. (Times, places, mood, direction, reason, etc) .

Examples:


1. The students have finished the exam an hour ago.
                            Subject                                    verbal form                              object                               time 

There are 4 kind of sentence.

• Simple.
• Compound.
• Complex.
• Compound sentence.

• Simple:: A simple sentence, also called independent clause contains a subject and a verb.

Examples: (A subject is in blue and a verb is in red) 

• I  go to the bed every night.

• Julia dances with her boyfriend everyday. 

• Carlos drinks coffee at the morning. 

• Compound: A compound sentence should have 2 independent clause joined by a coordinating conjunction . (2 verbs).  ( Verbs are in blue and conjunction is in red) 

Examples: 

• Julia and Robert watch tv at night and Taty enjoys a delicious dinner. 

• My brother writes a gossip column in a newspaper  and My sister works with my cousin at the airport. 

Also, you can use other conjunction. (For, and nor, but, or, yet and so).

If you want, you can practice coordinating  conjunctions following this link. 

http://www.tolearnenglish.com/exercises/exercise-english-2/exercise-english-6041.php

• Complex: A complex sentence has an independent and a dependent clause joined by a subordinating conjunction. ( The subordinating conjunction is in red). 

Examples:

• A doctor need to study before he does an operation.
• A teacher must to prepare a class because he is going to teach a new topic.

It importan to practice subordinating conjunction for doing better sentence, follow this link and practice.
http://web2.uvcs.uvic.ca/elc/studyzone/330/grammar/subcon1.htm

• Compound- complex sentence: A compound-complex sentence has 2 independent clause + an independent clause. ( dependent clause are in blue and independent in red).

Examples:

• She wanted to go with me but She couldnt go out , because She didn´t have a nice dress. 
• They tried to understad but The teacher didn´t explain very well, because The teacher didn´t know anything about Math. 

          

A sentence could be affirmative, negative, interrogative, and exclamative.


Other important thing  for increasing our knowledge is to know type clauses. 


The clauses could be...

and these independent or dependent could be... 

Examples: 

I know an old man who went to the U.S. 

                                    relative clause.

The man with whom you were speaking is my boyfriend. 

                                                                relative clause.

Adverbial Clauses. 

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=d3J_IByMenM&feature=player_embedded#!

Noun Clauses. 

 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oogy8KB1Mj0

The 8 parts of speech

1- The noun.

A noun is a word used to name a person, place, thing, or ideas.

Nouns may be classified as proper or common, abstract or concrete, and collective.

• Proper noun: A proper noun is the name of a particular person, place, or thing. Proper nouns are always capitalized. Examples: Naomi, Chicago, El Salvador, etc.

Examples: Naomi went to visit her parents to Canada.
               Chicago is a nice city that is located in the United Stated. 
               El Salvador is a beautiful country. 

• A common noun is a noun which does not the name a particular person, place or thing. common nouns are not capitalized: girl, country, city, garden, dog, cat,etc. 

Examples: 

• That girl was girfriend of my brother but, they broke up because my brother had other love.
• The country which my father visited last week, has an interesting history.

An abstract noun names a quality, a characteristic, an idea: a popularity, beauty, power, etc.

Examples:

• The beauty of  girl is exaggerated.
• The popularity of  the president is very  interesting.

A concrete noun names an object that can be perceived by the senses: book, rose, cathedral.


Examples:

• Those roses are for my mom 
• The cathedral of Santa Ana is wonderful.

A collective noun names a group: army, jury.

Examples:

• The army is ready for defending the security of the country.
• The jury determined that the thief who was stealing to my friend was guilty.

2- The pronoun.

A pronoun is a word used in place of a noun or of more than one noun.

A pronoun may also take the place of another pronoun. 

there are several kinds of pronouns: personal (which includes the possesive and reflexive forms), relative, interrogative, demostrative and indefinite. 

Personal pronouns are: 

    
    Examples:

• I wrote a poem.
• You went to Mexico with your family.
• He bought a elephant for his cousin 
• She took driver lesson.
• it is a wonderful day.
• we are talking about policy 
• they are my friends.

Also, me, him,her, it, us, them.


Possessive form:

• my = mine. 
• you = yours.
• his
• her = hers.
• its.
• our = ours.
• their = theirs. 

Reflexive and intensive forms.

• myself.
• yourself.
• himself, herself.
• itself.
• ourselves .
• yourselves. 
• themselves.

Relative pronouns.

 Relative pronouns are used to introduce suberdinate clauses.

Examples:

• The book that you gave me was the one I wanted.
• The woman whose name is on the program is running for mayor.

Interrogative pronouns:

 Interrogative pronouns are used in questions.

who.

whom.

which.

what.

whose.

Demonstrative pronouns.

Demonstrative pronouns point out a particular person or thing. When they are used before nouns, they are considerated adjectives (these houses,that flag, those books).

This     these       that      those.

Commonly used indefinite pronouns.

Indefinite pronouns refer generally, not specifically, to person, places or things.

all                    either             more          one

anotherany      everybody     much          several

anybody          everyone       neither        some

anyone            everything     nobody       somebody

both                 few                none           someone 

each                 many             no one        such 

 3- The adjective.

An adjective is a word used to modify a noun a pronoun.

also an adjective describes qualities of the noun. 

Examples:

• Roxy is the woman who has brown hair. 
• Juan is that handsome man that is next to my friend.

4- The verb. 

A verb is a word that expresses action or otherwise helps to make a statement. The action can be physical or mental.

Examples: 

• The teacher explained the homework yesterday. 
• She hit her sister last month.

5- The adverb.

An adverb is a word used to modify a verb, an adjective or another adverb. 

There are adverb of manner, place, purpose, frequency and time.

The followig are some examples for each of them.

Of manner. 

Place: here, home, in out, there.

Purpose: so, so that, to, in order to, because, since.

Frequency: always, never, often, rarely, seldom, sometimes and usually. 

Time: already, finally, just, last, nex, now, etc. 

Examples: 

• He walked quickly to his job.
• I know she is very careful with secrets.

6- The Conjunction.
A conjunction is a word that joins words or groups of words.


There are 3 kinds of conjunctions: coordinating, correlative, and subordinating.

                                  Correlative conjunctions 

                                Subordinating conjunctions. 

  

7- The interjection. 
An interjection  is a word that expresses emotion and has no gramamatical relation to other words in the sentence. 

8- Preposition.A preposition is a word used to show the relationship of a noun pronoun to some eother word in the sentence.